A Benefit Of Genetic Engineering - Free Essay Example

Disease, drought, malnutrition, pests, malfunctioning genes are all factors are all problems that society faces. Only until recently a new method of solving these problems was discovered, genetic engineering. Genetic engineering refers to the process of manipulating an organisms DNA to change its traits. This practice can be applied to plants, animals, and humans. It is utilized to remove or change undesirable traits and replace with desirable ones. Since the last century this tool has been discovered and has considerably improved since. Now genetically modified crops are grown regularly and their harvest sold in stores. Human and animal genes adjusted and genetic diseases such as Huntingtons or Sickle Cell Anemia might see the end of their days. Now scientists are no longer asking themselves Can we? but instead Should we? The science community and law makers are faced with the ethicality of genetic engineering and the decision of where the line is drawn. Genetic engineering comes with dangers and should be handled cautiously, but ultimately benefits society in a variety of ways. It is important to note the history and applications of genetic engineering to understand its ethical and social ramifications. Before history had even been recorded farmers have been using genetic engineering techniques in agriculture to produce the most productive plants. This genetic engineering technique is formally known as artificial selection to produce desirable characteristics. Corn as we know it today growing tall with large ears and plentiful kernels began as a wild grass with very few kernels. This technique doesnt end with plants it includes animals as well for higher quality meat, wool, or purpose. Charles Darwin originally coined the term artificial selection in his book On the Origin of Species. Darwin claimed that man and his powers of artificial selection can do so much that there may be no limit to the amount of change for all organic compl exes (Darwin, 109). The pursuit of modern genetic engineering as a direct manipulation of an organisms genes begins with the discovery of deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA. While the nucleus of a cell was the first organelle to be discovered, scientists for hundreds of years believed that proteins themselves held the genetic material to replicate. It wasnt until the work of Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri that identified chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material. DNA is composed of four bases each pairing to its corresponding base known as the pairing rule. These bases come together and form a double-helix structure, this was first proposed by Francis Crick and James Watson in their published paper in 1953 called the Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids (Francis and Crick, 1953). The birth of modern genetic engineering came to life after Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen created the first successful genetic engineered organism in 1973. Boyer and Cohen were able take antibiotic resistant genes and insert them into Escherichia coli bacterium (E. coli). They found this that E.coli was not only able to carry these antibiotic genes but generations of th e bacteria after held these resistant genes (Arnold, 2009). This groundbreaking discovery of inserting genetic information from one species into another called genetic recombinant shook the world and showed the potential of DNA engineering. Only a year later Rudolf Jaenisch was able to create the worlds first transgenic animal by inserting viral DNA into mouse embryos. This DNA not only was integrated with the mouse but was found to be passed down generation after generation showing possibilities for medicine, industry, and agriculture. Though directly after this discovery immediately concerned governments and scientists alike on the potential consequences of this ability. This lead to the Asilmar Conference of 1975 which implemented guidelines of safety and regulations for the continuation of genetically engineered projects. In the 1980s the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that patents could be made for genetically modified life. Two years later the United States Food and Drug Aministration (FDA) approved the first genetically modified medication f or humans.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Genetic engineering has a wide variety of uses, but it is important to know the process of genetic modification in order to understand its applications. Scientists must first identify an organism that has a desired gene to use. Once the gene has been identified it must next be isolated, this is done by restriction enzymes. This is a cut and paste procedure, the restriction enzyme locates the specific DNA sequence, cuts it from the chromosomes and is pasted into a plasmid (Powell, 2015). A plasmid is a DNA molecule independent from chromosomes that can replicate themselves if they are in a suitable host, usually a bacteria. This bacteria is used as a Trojan horse and inserted into the genome of the organism of interest. If this process is successful the organism will carry this gene and be able to replicate it and pass it on for generations. Genetic engineering application to medicine plays a large role to produce necessary medicine such as vaccines, drugs, and hormones at low costs. These medicines are produced from microorganisms and plant based substances and is one of the most accepted applications of genetic engineering. Gene therapy is one of the most promising forms of genetic engineering that is being used to cure hereditary diseases. The first human patient the gene therapy technique was ever used on was a four-year old girl in 1990 who suffered from ADA deficiency (Gene Therapy, 2018). ADA deficiency is a rare hereditary disorder that causes immunodeficiency and damages the immune system. Present day the girl is now leading normal lives and shows a steady increase of ADA. Gene therapy although is not always successful. During the pursuit of gene therapy research an eighteen-year old American was the first to die because of his participation in this research. Agriculture integrates genetic engineering processes to a great extent. Farmers in the past have always been successful to a degree at producing high amounts of crops and animals. With the help of genetic modification these same results can be achieved in a much shorter time frame with increased specitivity (Muntaha et al. 2016). Countries all over the world now harvest genetically modified crops because of the many benefits it allows for. Instead of using harmful chemicals found in pesticides that harm the environment and humans alike, plants with modified gene sequences can yield even better results than before. These modified crops also have a greater drought and salinity tolerance along with providing a greater source of nutrition. Along with genetic engineering comes with many concerns of ethics and health. Some research shows genetically modified foods and crops can lead to the detriment of ones health, while other contradictory research reveals the benefits of genetically modified foods. While over three million people die from malnutrition around the world per year, one hundred sixty-one people have stunted growth from malnutrition. This problem not only arises from simple lack of calories, but from lack of vitamins and mineral content in their food. In an effort to combat this issue companies have re sorted to fortifying foods. Plants are altered so that they can produce food of greater quality and include more nutritional value. Golden Rice, for example, is biofortified and genetically engineered to contain more vitamin A. Genes were inserted from daffodil and bacteria DNA. In the Golden Rice example, after it was genetically altered, just 72 grams of rice that had been fortified was enough to prevent vitamin A deficiency. This method can be applied to other plants as well and used to combat low nutritional value. An issue has been seen by implementing these fortified foods in impoverished counties. By introducing genetically modified plants to poor countries, local farmers are not given the chance to produce crops themselves. This issue leads poorer countries to become more dependent on richer countries to provide for them instead of teaching these countries independence by showing farmers how to produce more nutrient diverse crops. Farmers should learn how to grow plants of wider variety to combat nutrient deficiencies and malnutrition without having to genetically modify plants (Gearing, 2015) . Plants are also genetically modified for reasons other than nutritional value. Some are engineered to be resistant to disease and drought. Plums are engineered to be resistant to the plum pox virus, corn is engineered to be resistant to pests, and soybeans are engineered to be resistant to herbicide. This type of engineering has been successful in producing healthier crops and in greater quantity. Genetic engineering does not come without concerns though. Modification of DNA can unintentionally change the rate of growth, metabolism, along with many other factors. To humans, this poses the risk of new allergens and antibiotic resistant genes in the gut. Nonetheless, many of these issues can easily be solved through tighter regulation and testing (Phillips, 2008). Most importantly, genetic engineering is an extremely powerful weapon and if fell into the wrong hands could be tremendously dangerous. More lethal and harmful biological weapons resistant to medicines could be produced. If used by terrorist organizations such a tool as genetic engineering could easily be used for maleficent purposes (Patra, 2015). The history and applications of genetic engineering lends itself to a greater understanding of the topic, which can be used to assess the social and ethical ramifications. While genetic engineering does have its risks, the benefits seem to significantly outweigh them. It is within societys interest to continue genetic engineering as it seen to result in the improvement of health and is more efficient than the status quo. DNA is the basis of life and genetic engineering is the tool to change it for the better. Using these techniques a plethora of societies problems can be resolved as well as humans understanding of life rises. The more genetic engineering is researched and implemented science can save the life of this earth as well as all the lives around us. In the end, genetic engineering has and will continue to prove itself to be a useful tool for change, but must be heavily tested and regulated in order to ensure safe practices. Genetic engineering will only continue to improve and correct more issues. Genetic engineering is the future and the future is inevitable.

Sample Rubric For the Grade Essay

Test Rubric For the Grade EssayIf you need to compose a top notch exposition, one of the most significant things that you should do is to utilize an example rubric for the evaluation article. This will be useful in ensuring that your paper doesn't contain mistakes and is a reasonable model for the understudy to study and see what the person ought to compose and examine in the secondary school or college.Every school has its own arrangement of rules and guidelines, subsequently, it is vital for you to be acquainted with the equivalent on the off chance that you need to get into specific gauges. Hence, you should utilize an example rubric for the evaluation article. Doing so will help you in obviously characterizing the substance of your essay.The primary explanation behind composing this sort of paper is to decide the believability of the individual composing the task. Likewise, it is additionally fundamental to look at crafted by different specialists in the field of the subject. Thu sly, you will have the option to check what sort of things are ordinarily considered in that field. With this, you will have the option to figure out what is regular in your topic.Moreover, comprehending what is normally said or composed is likewise significant so as to compose a decent paper. Thusly, you will have the option to increase some significant thoughts that you can use for an extraordinary quality paper. You need to get that while a few themes are viewed as mind boggling, you should be cautious in utilizing complex subjects as they may prompt misconceptions.Furthermore, your paper can be far superior in the event that you know the standard techniques for composing it. One of the most widely recognized issues that most understudies face recorded as a hard copy is that they don't obviously build up the fundamental thought of the article and consider methods of propelling their point as opposed to having clear ideas.In reality, the Upperclassman rubric is a decent example fo r the evaluation paper since it incorporates some essential ideas of organization. They are additionally sufficient to assist you with composing a paper well.The Upperclassman rubric likewise contains an example for the piece of an article. Truth be told, this kind of composing will assist you with bettering be comfortable with the nuts and bolts of composing. You ought to likewise consider how you can exploit the rubric recorded as a hard copy your own essay.As you can see, understanding the rubric for the evaluation paper is significant. By utilizing this, you will have the option to compose a decent article absent a lot of pressure and stress.

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<h1>Sample Essays For College Scholarships</h1><p>Sample papers are incredible assets for understudies who are preparing to begin applying for school grants. Regardless of whether you are one of the fortunate understudies who is granted grant cash every year, there is still not a viable alternative for difficult work and passing marks. So as to show potential grant victors that you have gotten your work done, you ought to set up an example paper for school scholarships.</p><p></p><p>These tests are exceptionally useful on the grounds that they prove to be useful as reference materials when composing your own exposition. They can be imparted to other understudy, utilized in class and utilized as study guides. Composing the ideal article isn't simple, and a great many people think that its hard to try and complete the primary draft. On the off chance that you use test articles as aides, you will have the option to compose a paper all alone with out all the stress.</p><p></p><p>Another great approach to use these examples is as study guides. You may end up experiencing difficulty assembling a specific point. For instance, the two models in your example articles are College Scholarships For Gay Men and College Scholarships For Mothers. These subjects are totally different and every one is loaded with subtleties. In the event that you are a gay male, you should skirt College Scholarships For Gay Men.</p><p></p><p>For school grants for mothers, this is a decent point to consider and will assist you with setting up your paper. You may find that by beginning with this subject you are increasingly sorted out and better composed to complete the exposition the correct way. By considering the various sorts of grants, you will have the option to apply it to your circumstance and be increasingly arranged when composing the exposition for school scholarships.</p><p></p>& lt;p>The journalists assets for test articles for school grants incorporate connects to online school composing programming programs just as web instructional exercises. You can likewise download free instructional exercises, be that as it may, the greater part of these instructional exercises were produced for proficient authors and won't really work for beginners.</p><p></p><p>There are additionally many composing tests to look over that can assist you with making the ideal article. One approach to ensure that you are utilizing the best possible example is to look for your paper on an essayist's asset site. Most authors' asset locales will give models with the goal that you can perceive how every thought would be fused into your own essay.</p><p></p><p>Some scholars' destinations will give you a few hints on composing the article. These may remember tips for how to arrange your contemplations and to join catchphrases effectively. You ought to consistently know about these while picking the composing tests for your essay.</p><p></p><p>After you are done investigating and discovering tests for your exposition, you should check your article altogether for spelling mistakes and sentence structure issues. On the off chance that there are any, you will need to verify whether they are minor or if there are things that you could have enhanced. On the off chance that you believe you have to alter your exposition, you should make a point to check and edit the task before submitting it.</p>

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Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Hostel Life Essay Topics and What You Should Do Today

<h1> Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Hostel Life Essay Topics and What You Should Do Today</h1> <h2>Hostel Life Essay Topics Explained </h2> <p>Each part of your brain that is worried about these sorts of things will make its needs known, and attempt to occupy you. The plural nationalities' in the absolute first line of the refrain appear there are bunches of individuals inside the lodging, anyway they don't have any association. The deficiency of control they have over their life is what keeps them from feeling they have a place. Understudies build up a sentiment of kinship and individual inclination. </p> <p>The standard of nourishment in lodgings isn't extremely great. Normally there are less expensive strategies for dozing. Anyway, there's no choice. 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New Ideas Into Common App Essay Samples Option 1 Never Before Revealed

New Ideas Into Common App Essay Samples Option 1 Never Before Revealed I loved the twists within her essay. Note you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems which need to be solved later on. Word limits are a great thing. The personal statement isn't the location for extended lists or catalogs of achievement. College will change you. Go to our Order page and enter coupon code ADMISSIONS18 to get this discounted rate in addition to our already lower rates. For example, you can zoom in on one specific facet of your background and identity and the way it informs the direction you look at and approach certain things. Your capacity to be exact is essential for keeping the term count low. While having the ability to write about whatever you wish sounds great in theory, some students findespecially at the start of the brainstorming processthat they are debilitated by the subject of your choice option since it offers an excessiv e amount of selection. Once you may make sure that the entire content you would like to put in your essay was written down, you can play around with structure, style, and voice a little. Unique things to various men and women, since the situation demanded. In granting you an opportunity to speak about personal conditions, this prompt offers a wonderful chance to vivify your own personal story if you get a fantastic topic in mind. Realize the objective of the personal statement isn't to tell your life story, or to provide an exhaustive overview of all your accomplishments. It can be challenging to admit when you're wrong, don't have sufficient evidence to back up a claim, or don't understand how to respond to somebody who rationally challenges a belief you've got. Common App Essay Samples Option 1: the Ultimate Convenience! Your essay is likely to change so much in the interim between your very first draft and last revision. The Common Application was made by a non-profit institution with the target of providing more equality in the college application procedure. As soon as it's nice that a student might want to honor or memorialize their relative, the college essay isn't the place to achieve that. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Lastly, the detail of real speech makes the scene pop. A moment is a short period of time once you learned something meaningful to you. Sometimes in life it's wise to have a step back and examine the huge picture. If you may paint a crystal clear picture for your reader by giving details, you're considerably more likely to submit a marker in their memories. The New Angle On Common App Essay Samples Option 1 Just Released Our set of Common App Essay Examples may also help you choose which information to have in your essay, and keep your word count down. If you would like to see her essay in context, have a look at this hyperlink. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Always remember the intention of the Common Application essay. The topic of your essay doesn't need to be completely novel. Before you submit, you're going to be requested to review your essay. Ensure that your essay captures YOU. Regardless of which it prompt you address, it is essential to give yourself time to think about the information you are conveying and what it reveals about you. Regardless of what tactics you wind up using, your target ought to be effortless and compelling readability. The important thing here is to use your brainstorming notesthe more notes you've got, the easier this step will be. The procedure for your experience is crucial. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask her or him to make corrections. The cost of an essay rides on the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. Because your research paper is devoted to a particular problem, it can be regarded as a thesis of your text. The one which we'll be reviewing within this short article is representative of the quality of writing and thinking that you will discover throughout the collection. It is a good idea to look for the one which has an excellent reputation and offers high-quality papers at economical rates.

How to Write a Literature Review - 1099 Words

HOW CAN I WRITE A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW? You should use the literature to explain your research - after all, you are not writing a literature review just to show what other researchers have done. You aim should be to: âž ¢ Show why your research needs to be carried out, âž ¢ How you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, âž ¢ How your work adds to the research already carried out, etc. What is the purpose of a Literature Review? The purpose of a literature review is to convey to the reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic and what are the strengths and weaknesses. The literature review allows the reader to be brought up to date regarding the state of research in the field†¦show more content†¦The dependent variable responds to the independent variable. It is called dependent because it depends on the independent variable. In a scientific experiment, you cannot have a dependent variable without an independent variable. Independent Variable Definition What is an independent variable? The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher. The independent variable is something that is hypothesized to influence the dependent variable. The researcher determines for the participant what level or condition of the independent variable that the participant in the experiment receives. For example, each participant in the experiment may be randomly assigned to either an experimental condition or the control condition. Dependent Variable Definition What is a dependent variable? The dependent variable is the variable that is simply measured by the researcher. It is the variable that reflects the influence of the independent variable. For example, the dependent variable would be the variable that is influenced by being randomly assigned to either an experimental condition or a control condition. 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Conventional and Performance Testing Business Planning Activities

Question: Describe about the Conventional and Performance Testing for Business Planning Activities. Answer: Introduction The document covers the test plan for www.phonebook.com and is designed for the purpose of presenting a set of guidelines that will be followed by the QA testing team during the testing of the features of the web site. The document describes the planning activities and the test strategy that will be followed during the testing activities for the project. Intended Audience Project Manager Business Expert Subject Matter Experts Testing Lead Test Manager Test Engineers Performance testers Assumptions and Dependencies The build for testing will be provided to the team by the development team for carrying out the testing activities The test data that will be used in the testing processes will be ready by the text execution phase. The test environment required by the testing team will be provided and will be ready in advance before the testing activities will begin. Workstations along will the testing tools, hardware and software required for all the testing activities will be provided to the team. Scope In Scope Testing of the ability to make sure that the users are able to create account in the site www.phonebook.com Testing of the ability to make sure that the users are allowed to create more than one sheet in the phonebook and every single sheet can contain details of around 10000 contacts Testing of the ability to make sure that the users can log in to the web site and app with the help of valid set of credentials and are denied the ability to do in case of incorrect credentials. Testing of the ability to make sure that the phone book present in the phone and the account on the site are synced at all times. Testing of the ability to make sure that the users can share the sheer with other friends with the help of the email address of the friend. Testing of the ability to make sure that if the user has provided the read and write access to a friend then the same can make changes to the contact information of the user and in case of only the read access, the user will be able to only see the information. Testing of the ability to make sure that the users can select multiple sheets and any number of sheets to be synced without any limit on the same. Testing of the ability to make sure that the users are able to access and import the information from any CSV (Comma Separated Value) file. Testing of the ability to make sure that the users are able to export the sheet in the CSV file Out of Scope The functionalities that will be pre-existing in the web site will not be tested The hardware issues associated with the user devices will not be tested Test Planning The test activities will be carried out in a number of phases as planning phase followed by development phase then execution and then the closure phase. The first phase will include the test planning such as decision on the test team, roles and responsibilities, testing types, test scope and test strategy. The second phase will include the creation and development of the test data and test suites comprising of the test cases. It will then be followed by the execution phase which will include the execution of the test cases and logging of the defects that will be reported. The final phase will be the closure phase which will include the reporting activities. Test Strategy The test strategy that will be followed during the testing process would be Bottom-up test strategy. As per this strategy, each of the functionality and module will be tested from the lower end that is on an independent basis. It will then be tested as an integrated unit and then the system as a whole along with the connected components. The system testing will make sure that the system as a whole comprises of all the essential features and that the functioning of every component is correct. Functional Test Items Conventional Testing #. Test Phase Features to be tested Approx. no. of test cases Remarks 1 Sanity Test The testing team will perform the sanity test on the newly received build to make sure all the mandatory features are implemented in the build and it is okay to be tested It will include a maximum of 15 test cases The testing will be performed by the test team and the reporting will be done to the test manager and test lead 2 Integration Testing The different functionalities will be integrated together in the form of various modules and then tested to verify and validate the functionality of the individual feature and of the integrated module as well It will include a total of 50 test cases to be tested The testing will be performed by the test team and the reporting will be done to the test manager and test lead 3 Functional System Testing The functionalities that are listed in the scope along with the functionality of the system as a whole will be tested in this testing type It will include a total of 100 test cases The testing will be performed by the test team and the reporting will be done to the test manager and test lead 4 Regression Testing The defects that will be fixed by the development team will be tested to make sure that they are implemented correctly and also the existing functionalities will be tested to make sure that the changes have not impacted the existing functionalities All the defects fixed will be tested in this phase along with the 20 test cases covering the major functionalities The testing will be performed by the test team and the reporting will be done to the test manager and test lead 5 User Acceptance Testing The acceptance testing will be carried out by the end users and the customers to validate the business requirements and their implementation The testing team along with the end users will perform the testing Non Functional Test Items Performance Testing #. Test Phase Features to be tested Approx. no. of test cases Remarks 1 Stress Test This type of testing will be carried out by performance test engineers to validate the capacity of the functionalities in terms of the sheet handling, network requirements and likewise It will include a total of 40 test cases The testing will be performed by the test team and the reporting will be done to the test manager and test lead 2 Load testing This type of testing will be carried out by the performance test engineers to make sure that the functionalities behave correctly in case of the normal conditions and in anticipated peak loads as well such as more than 10000 contacts for a single sheet and likewise It will include a total of 35 test cases The testing will be performed by the test team and the reporting will be done to the test manager and test lead 3 Volume testing This type of testing will be carried out by the performance test engineers to make sure that the functionalities function as per the different database sizes and volumes It will include a total of 25 test cases The testing will be performed by the test team and the reporting will be done to the test manager and test lead Testing Approach Entry Criteria The entry criteria for all the types of testing that have been listed above will include the pre-requisites as the establishment of the test environment along with the readiness of the build that is required to be tested. Exit Criteria The exit criteria for all the testing types would include the complete execution of all the test cases along with the submission of the defect reports and status reports on the same. Defect Management Defect Categorization Severity of the defect Description of the defects under this category Examples of such defects Critical These defects will stop the functioning of the system as a whole and will also result in severe impacts such as missing of the deadlines due to inability of the features to be accessed Inability to login to www.phonebook.com Inability to open the web site at all on any device Urgent The defects will include the ones in which the entire application will be accessible but a major functionality will not be in an operate-able state Inability to view the phone book Inability to sync the phone book and the account Inability to retrieve the account details Moderate The defects will include the ones in which the entire application will be accessible but an important functionality will not be in an operate-able state and the reproducibility rate will not be 100% for such defects Inability to add contact information in more than one sheet Inability to access multiple sheets at one time Low The defects will include the ones in which the entire application will be accessible and there will be minor changes required in the application Spelling errors Incorrect alignment in certain text pieces Defect Metrics and Reporting Test metric Definition Purpose How to calculate Total number of defects These will be the defects that will be in the open state at the time of retrieval of the defect report The number of these defects will directly inform the stability of the functionalities and the system as a whole The number of defects with the status as open will be the total number of defects Defect status The defects status will be any one of the following as: Open: The defect filed by the testing team but not resolved by the development team Resolved: The defect correct and sent back to the testing team and has not be re-tested Closed: The defect has been resolved by the development team and has been validated by the testing team as well. Not a defect: The defect that has been reported by the testing team has been considered as not a defect due to a reason such as inability to be corrected The status will help the project teams to understand the changes that have been done and are required to be done with respect to the project functionalities and application as a whole The status and the defects under a particular status can be retrieved with the help of the testing tool Defect severity It will be the impact that will result due to the presence of the application and the set of functionalities that are present The severity level of the defect with severities as high, medium or low will provide an estimation on the effort that is required The severity and the defects under a particular level of severity can be retrieved with the help of the testing tool Final Test Summary Report The report will provide the total number of test cases that have passed that is the ones that do not have a defect associated with them and the ones that do The progress of the testing activities can be tracked with the help of this report Test case tracking sheet Defect Reports The total number of defects under every defect status and severity level along with the defect id, defect summary, defect description and other essential details The progress of the testing activities can be tracked with the help of this report It can be retrieved directly from the testing tool Test Reporting and Deliverables Sr. No. Report Content Frequency 1 Daily Testing Status report It will include the daily testing effort that will be put by every individual testing team member in terms of test cases created, executed and defect related activities Daily 2 Weekly Testing Status Report It will include the weekly testing effort that will be put by testing team as a whole in terms of test cases created, executed and defect related activities Weekly 3 Defect Report A complete list of the defects along with the ones that are in open state separately highlighted in the report. It can be retrieved from the testing tool itself Weekly 4 Monthly Testing Status Report It will include the monthly test effort details and the project status on the basis of number of open defects Monthly 5 Testing Completion Report It will be a closure report for the testing process which will include the complete account of all the testing activities that will be covered At the end of the test phase References Dae,. (2016). Test Plan Template. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://dae.etenders.in/tender_document/tender_297/PO_SECTION_DOCUMENT/sample_test_plan_template.pdf Probert, J. (2016). Test Planning. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://www.joshprobert.com/Testplan.pdf